介词with和without引导的独立主格结构
 介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
（1） with+名词代词+形容词
 He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.
 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
 = He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.
注意：在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
 With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.
 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
（2）with+名词代词+副词
 Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
 所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。

 = Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on.

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（3）with+名词代词+介词短语
 He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.
 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
（4） with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
 With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
 作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
 = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
（5）with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
 The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
 有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
 = The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
 （6）with+名词代词+动词不定式
 The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
 有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
 = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
注意：在withwithout 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。
 Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
 她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）

1. _______ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving        B. Receiving not
C. Not having received    D. Having not received
2. How about the two of us ______ a walk down the garden?
A. to take        B. take C. taking            D. to be taking
3. The computer center, ___________ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open            B. opening C. having opened    D. opened
4. Charles  Babbage is generally considered ________ the first computer.
A. to invent            B. inventing C. to have invented      D. having invented
5. “Can’t you read?” Mary said______ _____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing    B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed      D. and angrily pointing

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